19th Century that Deals with Fashion, the Body, Beauty Ideals or Essay

19th Century that Deals with Fashion, the Body, Beauty Ideals or Advertisements - Essay Example The 16th and the 17th century witnessed the reimbursement of clothing by the extrinsic authorities.Clothing is known to be one of the key factors with the help of which the identity of an individual could easily be interpreted and it also signaled one's class or membership in the society. With years passing by, the fashion industry gave rise to a number of laws on clothing and apparel in order to preserve class or gender distinctions. The clothing of the time by the decade had concluded that the gender distinctions in fashion expression were quite overstated. Even though, the fashion for women would be more precisely delineated as loud and flamboyant rather than practical and realistic, there has been a dissimilarity which in itself asserted to evidently tell apart from the male gender.As Wahrman noticed, towards the conclusion of the eighteenth epoch, there cropped up a deep-seated transformation in the notions and norms of self as well as personal identity (Wahrman, 2006). This was probably an abrupt transformation which was no scarce of a revolution in the comprehension of self-hood as well as of the individuality classifications inclusive of the race, gender, and class. This change had been comprehensive of a fascinating assortment of the cultural evidence from the eighteenth century realms where the notions of the self which are expressed as the ancient regime of identity. However, it appears weird and incomprehensible to the present day acquirers. The analysis of how this unusual world came to an instant conclusion where the far-reaching consequences of that transformation were a subject of examination. This incognizant cultural rebellion set the sight for the range of new departures which had indicated the onset of Western novelty. All in all, the modern idea of the self originated from the end of the eighteenth century. With the advent of the 19th century, new elements marked their presence in the fashion arena. With improvised approaches of travel, the social order has become more restless and keen of riding in to the world with tremendously new techniques and trends. The fashionable women conceded full trunks, for the reason that it was not well thought-out the thing to put on the gown for consecutively two times. The influence of national characteristics had been degraded since about 1675, however, became internationally acclaimed by the arrival of the 19th century (Homepage, 2005). in the early on of the 19th epoch, the dresses worn by the women continued to reflect the trends and styles which were initiated by the French. These were allegedly supported upon the classically traditional dresses of the ancient Greece where ladies were dressed in loose-fitted, draped as well as high-waisted apparels in white colors. Overdresses included three quarter-length apparels from a warmer fabric which inclu ded a variety of shawls, pelisses as well as redingotes (Homepage, 2005). Subsequently, more color was brought back at an even more natural gradation where fullers, short-length skirts and large brimmed hats or bonnets became a norm. 2. The art of Beauty The ideal of a perfect human body is the consequence of culture that comprises of the religious functions, economy, advertisements as well as other factors. Beauty can not be defined as an immanent or objective quality of things, for the reason that every age, place as well as social class that

Argument. Men and particularly princes Essay Example for Free

Argument. Men and particularly princes Essay Argument Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Men and particularly princes should be very careful when making their decisions and they should not be concerned by the making decisions that always favors their subjects and friends but they should be concerned more on the outcomes of their decisions and whether those decisions will benefit their state. I strongly believe that there should not be procedures and methods set to be used by princes in dealing with their friends and subjects. This is because different situations require to be handled differently since the societies keeps changing and therefore, princes should not follow set procedures and methods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Princes are judged by their subjects through their qualities which will make their subjects either to praise them or to blame them. However, it would be very difficult for the princes to fulfill all the qualities that their subjects expect them to have due to human nature. Therefore, princes should be very careful to escape from bad reputation of those vices which would make them lose the state.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I agree with the statement that a quality which seems to be a virtue, if pursued may end up destructing the individual who decides to pursue such a quality; while another quality which appears to be a vice, if an individual decides to pursue such a vice might end up being more beneficial to such an individual and to the society. Therefore, princes should be very prudent when making decisions since a quality which seems to be vice may end up being a virtue, and vice versa.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Princes can be generous which seems to be a virtue but may end up giving them a bad reputation among their subjects. This is because such princes maybe generous and end up using up all their resources or overburdening their subjects with excessive taxes and doing everything possible in order to the funds. This quality of generosity may give such princes a bad reputation and his generosity may end up offending their subjects thus hating their princes. Also through not being generous may lead them to appear to be a miser according to their subjects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For instance, Pope Julius II although he used his generosity to attain papacy however he decided to end his generosity in order to reduce the expenditures so as to be able to wage war. Therefore, princes should use any virtue such as generosity in a way that will not harm them. In this regard, princes should avoid overburdening subjects or becoming poor as a result of their generosity. Also, in order for a prince to avoid destroying their rule they should not mind being branded as misers since this would be a key vice that would help them to rule their subjects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although princes should avoid being cruel and should be merciful but they should be very careful not to abuse their mercy. This is because being too merciful may be abused which may lead to disorder in a state resulting to increased crimes thus harming the society at large. For instance, although cesare Borgia was regarded cruel, he was able to restore order, peace and unity in Romagna through his cruelty. Therefore princes should not mind being refereed to be cruel in their attempts to keep their subjects loyal and united. It would be much safer for princes to be feared than being loved by their subjects. In this regard they should do anything to ensure that there is order, peace and unity in their states even if it means taking someone’s life for the benefit of their states at large. This may result to some of their subjects hating them however, this would be less harmful to them and also it would beneficial to their states at lar ge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Princes should not care much on keeping their promises to their subjects and in some circumstances the princes are supposed to manipulate their subject’s mind with shrewdness if this would be more safer for them and also if this would be more beneficial to their state. Princes must be aware of how to deal with different situations since fulfilling their promises in some circumstances would bring harm to them and to their subjects. In such situations such princes should be wise and know how to deceive their subjects to avoid fulfilling their promises where they feel that keeping their words would bring harm to their state or to themselves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this regard, princes are not necessitated to have all the good qualities but it is very important for them to appear as if they have them. This is because having those all qualities and practicing all of them would bring more harm. For example, appearing being faithful, religious, merciful, trustworthy and humane among other good qualities would be necessary and princes should know how to practice them in different situations, however, practicing all of them would lead to more harm than good as subjects would misuse them to cause disorder which may increase the crime rates which would be harmful to the states. References Machiavelli, NiccoloÃÅ'â‚ ¬. The prince. Belle Fourche: NuVision Publications, 2004. Print. Source document

Essay --

Lost insurance benefits as well as retirement benefits tied to WorldCom stock. Shareholders, which included many pension funds, lost billions of dollars. The California public-employee’s retirement system, the largest state pension fund in the country, sued in an attempt to regain some of the $580 million it lost in the WorldCom debacle (Ripley 6). The telecommunications industry suffered as well. Industry companies were competing against WorldCom under false pretenses. WorldCom was fraudulently stating its financials and its competition could not possibly be aware of WorldCom’s true expenses. As a result, competing companies were forced to make decisions to keep in line with WorldCom’s reported growth. AT&T fired tens of thousands of employees, who otherwise may have never been fired, in an attempt to match WorldCom’s low costs. Although it was not WorldCom’s fault, Qwest committed accounting fraud and Global Crossing declared bankruptcy while also being under investigation themselves. Qwest and Global Crossing succumbed to industry pressure that may not have existed or felt as greatly in WorldCom was accurately reporting its financials. (Colvin 2) After WorldCom declared bankruptcy suppliers stopped getting paid. Local carriers were not being paid to complete WorldCom calls, but it was illegal for those carriers not to complete them (Colvin 2). Other vendors and suppliers that counted on WorldCom for business suffered and were forced to fire employees. As these companies suffered, so did their shareholders. In 2001, WorldCom was able to secure a $2.65 billion loan through a credit agreement with several banks. The entire loan was used up about six weeks before the accounting fraud was disclosed. â€Å"The banks con... ...ng fraud from occurring. WorldCom may hit a bump in the road in the short run but very well could still been operating today. At the time Michael Capellas took over as CEO, he had the right idea even though he may not have had much of a choice. Capellas established an ethics office, hired a Chief Ethics Officer and required all employees undergo annual ethics training. Capellas also traveled around the country listening to the comments and the opinions of his employees (Scharff 117). This was in contrast to Ebbers and Sullivan’s autocratic management style. Capellas established clear, guiding principles for his employees that were posted on cubicle walls throughout the company. Unfortunately for WorldCom, Capellas’ efforts where a matter of being too little, too late. Had Bernie Ebbers taken these steps as CEO, the fraud may have stopped at an early stage. Essay -- Lost insurance benefits as well as retirement benefits tied to WorldCom stock. Shareholders, which included many pension funds, lost billions of dollars. The California public-employee’s retirement system, the largest state pension fund in the country, sued in an attempt to regain some of the $580 million it lost in the WorldCom debacle (Ripley 6). The telecommunications industry suffered as well. Industry companies were competing against WorldCom under false pretenses. WorldCom was fraudulently stating its financials and its competition could not possibly be aware of WorldCom’s true expenses. As a result, competing companies were forced to make decisions to keep in line with WorldCom’s reported growth. AT&T fired tens of thousands of employees, who otherwise may have never been fired, in an attempt to match WorldCom’s low costs. Although it was not WorldCom’s fault, Qwest committed accounting fraud and Global Crossing declared bankruptcy while also being under investigation themselves. Qwest and Global Crossing succumbed to industry pressure that may not have existed or felt as greatly in WorldCom was accurately reporting its financials. (Colvin 2) After WorldCom declared bankruptcy suppliers stopped getting paid. Local carriers were not being paid to complete WorldCom calls, but it was illegal for those carriers not to complete them (Colvin 2). Other vendors and suppliers that counted on WorldCom for business suffered and were forced to fire employees. As these companies suffered, so did their shareholders. In 2001, WorldCom was able to secure a $2.65 billion loan through a credit agreement with several banks. The entire loan was used up about six weeks before the accounting fraud was disclosed. â€Å"The banks con... ...ng fraud from occurring. WorldCom may hit a bump in the road in the short run but very well could still been operating today. At the time Michael Capellas took over as CEO, he had the right idea even though he may not have had much of a choice. Capellas established an ethics office, hired a Chief Ethics Officer and required all employees undergo annual ethics training. Capellas also traveled around the country listening to the comments and the opinions of his employees (Scharff 117). This was in contrast to Ebbers and Sullivan’s autocratic management style. Capellas established clear, guiding principles for his employees that were posted on cubicle walls throughout the company. Unfortunately for WorldCom, Capellas’ efforts where a matter of being too little, too late. Had Bernie Ebbers taken these steps as CEO, the fraud may have stopped at an early stage.

Patricia MacLachlans Life Reflected in Sarah, Plain, and Tall :: Biography Biographies Essays

Patricia MacLachlan's Life Reflected in Sarah, Plain, and Tall Beyond MacLachlan's basic interest in creating a good children's novel in Sarah, Plain, and Tall, she also has a very personal investment in connecting her story and its characters with the many facets of her personal experiences: family, her beliefs, and her biography. It seems odd that an only child, from an intact family, would have the insight to write so detailed about the feelings of loss and a blended family. When asked â€Å"Do you think a family means a mother, and a father, and a child? Surprisingly, MacLachlan replied, â€Å"No, I don’t think that. And I never had.† MacLachlan went through a time when her own mother had Alzheimer’s disease and was losing her memory. MacLachlan stated, â€Å"In a sense, she was leaving me, though not because she wanted to. (Author Information; teachers@ran-dom.com) Her characters Anna and Caleb feel that same sense of loss as they remember their mother and learn to accept Sarah. MacLachlan felt there were extended people who became your â€Å"kind of; parents. For a lot of children she was their mother/grandmother surrogate. We (MacLachlan’s family) are very strongly connected, my children, myself and even my nieces and nephews. What I am most concerned about is who we are as family and how we effect each other. I didn’t have brothers or sisters, and this may be where it came from†. (â€Å"Author Information† teachers@-random.com). It is now easier to see how Anna and Caleb are so willing to take Sarah into their own family. The characters in the book don’t cling to who was a part of their original family, but instead like MacLachlan, focus on how each character effects each other. MacLachlan also wrote a series of journal articles on adoption and foster mothers which had a major impact on her life. It was clear to me that much of the focus of my writing was sharpened by my involvement and concern for families and children. This was partially the basis for her decision to write for children. She spends a lot of time listening to people talk and begins stories in her head.(Author Information teachers@random.com) It is clear to see that her inspiration came from many sources. What started out as a career in a seemingly separate field, overflowed into what is unique and central to the themes of her writings today. To understand the setting of the book Sarah,

Improved Fast Decoupled Power Flow

The power flow analysis is a very important and tundamental tool in power system analysis. Its results play the major role during the operational stages of any system for its control and economic schedule, as well as during expansion and design stages The purpose of any load flow analysis is to compute precise steady-state voltages and voltage angles of all buses in the network, the real and reactive power flows into every line and transformer, under the assumption of known generation and load.During the second half of the twentieth century, and after the large technological evelopments in the fields of digital computers and high-level programming languages, many methods for solving the load flow problem have been developed, such as indirect Gauss-Siedel (bus admittance matrix). direct Gauss-Siedel (bus impedance matrix).Newton-Raphson (NR) and its decoupled versions Nowadays, many Improvements have been added to all these methods involving assumptions and approximations of the trans mission lines and bus data, based on real systems conditions The Fast Decoupled Power Flow Method (FDPFM) is one of these improved methods, which was based on a simplification of the Newton-Raphson method and reported by Stott and Alsac in 1974[4]. This method and due to its calculations simplifications, fast convergence and reliable results became the most widely used method in load flow analysis.However, FDPFM for some cases, where high RA ratios or heavy loading (Low Voltage) at some buses are present, does not converge well. For these cases, many efforts and developments have been made to overcome these convergence obstacles. some of them targeted the convergence of systems with hgh RIX ratios, others those with low voltage buses However, one of the most recent developments is a Robust Fast Decoupled Power Flow developed by Wang and u; it Is ased on heuristic justification and general voltage normalization methods [171 and solves both high RIX ratios and low bus voltages problem s simultaneously.Though many efforts and elaborations have been achieved in order to improve the and simulations are becoming more developed and are now able to handle and analyze large size system. Today, and after reaching processor's speeds higher than 3 GHz, any improvement in the speed of convergence of the power flow method, provided it leads to reliable results, is of great value. This speed improvement is very important when involved in operational stages of power distribution, where any illisecond saving can hugely increase the probability of the right decision, of the control and dispatch computerized system.This paper works on providing computing savings (in flops) and thus higher speed of convergence of the FDPFM based on the initial approximation in which real power changes are considered to be most sensitive to variations in voltage angle and much less to those of voltage magnitude, as well as on the high sensitivity of reactive power changes to variations in voltage m agnitude and much less to those of voltage angle. In this paper, the attention was focused on the update of the voltage angle (6) and oltage magnitude (V) in each iteration, based on the improvement of flops achieved, and obviously on the results obtained.The results of these improvements and the comparative analysis with the Newton-Raphson and classical FDPFM will be presented using the three IEEE bus systems of 14, 30 and 57-bus, although the IFDPFM can be applied to any size bus system. II. Fast Decoupled Power Flow Method As the FDPFM is derived from the Newton-Raphson we will start from the matrix representation of NR, apply some simplifications and approximations, to reach the equations of the FDPFM.The matrix representation of the N-R method [17] is: O APOOH Where I IVJI IYiJl +6]) And -2 cos Bit +2 cos -6i +6]) Nii – = I VI II YiJ I cos (B iJ- 6i + 6]) Nil (7) -2 IYiil stn +2 IVJI IYiJl cos -6i +6]) Now, for typical power system branches: XIR and ; 200 (10) between AQ and A6, hence N and J entries of the initial matrix of (1) can be ignored leading to the following decoupled equations: (12) Now, the diagonal elements of H according to Stott and Alsac [4] can be written as: IVi12Bii (13) Where Bii = I Yill sin Bii is the imaginary part of the diagonal elements of the bus admittance matrix Ybus.Further simplifications can be applied to equation (12), by considering Bii Qi and I Vil 2 z I Vil yielding to the following simplified Hit: Hii=- (14) Also, as under normal operating conditions 6] – 6i is quite small, thus Bii – 6i + 6] Bit, and IVJI 1, the off-diagonal elements of the matrix H can be written as: HIJ I Vil (15) Similarly, the diagonal elements of the L matrix can be written as: Lil † (16) And its off- diagonal elements as: LiJ=-lVll (17) Applying these assumptions to equations (11) and (12) we get: =-B'A6 I vil (18) (19) where B' and B† are the imaginary part of the bus admittance matrix Ybus , such thatB' contain s all buses admittances except those related to the slack bus, and B† is B' deprived from all voltage-controlled buses related admittances. Finally, all these approximations and simplifications lead to the following successive voltage magnitude and voltage angle updating equations: (20) IVI (21) These equations formed the basis of the iteration scheme upon which the Matlab software written and then updated. Ill.Updated Algorithm The algorithm written according to the equations derived in the previous section is as follows: Step 1: Creation of the bus admittance Ybus according to the lines data given y the IEEE standard bus test systems. Step 2: Detection of all kinds and numbers of buses according to the bus data given by the IEEE standard bus test systems, setting all bus voltages to an initial value of 1 pu, all voltage angles to O, and the iteration counter iter to O.Step 3: Creation of the matrices B' and B† according to equations (18) and (19). Step 4: If max (AP, A Q) accuracy then Go to Step 6 else 1. Calculation of the H and L elements of equations (14), (1 5), (16), (17). 2. Calculation of the real and reactive power at each bus, and checking if Mvar of generator buses re within the limits, otherwise update the voltage magnitude at these buses by ? ±2 3. Calculation of the power residuals, AP and AQ. 4.Calculation of the bus voltage and voltage angle updates AV and A6 according to equations (19) and (20). 5. Update of the voltage magnitude V and the voltage angle 6 at each bus. 6. Increment of the iteration counter iter = iter + 1 then Go to Step 4 Print out ‘Solution did not converge' and go to Step 6 Step 6: Print out of the power flow solution, computation and display of the line flow and losses. The update of this algorithm was based on the weak coupling between AP and AV, nd between AQ and A6, explained in the previous section.Specifically, in the fourth subroutine of Step 4 of the initial algorithm, and instead of updating the voltage magnitude and the voltage angle once and simultaneously in each iteration, the improved algorithm updated either the voltage angle or the voltage magnitude at each bus, Jumped to subroutine 1 to recalculate the real and reactive power and then updated the second variable based on what was updated first.Moreover, and for more speed improvements and convergence reliability, the update of one of the two variables was repeated several times, holding the other ariable at its last calculated value, which reduced the number of floating point operations of the algorithm and thus lead to the faster convergence of the IFDPFM. IV. Numerical Analysis The performance of the IFDPFM was tested on IEEE 14, 30 and 57-bus systems with a convergence accuracy of 10-3 on a MVA base of 100 or equivalently 10-1 MVA for both power residuals AP and AQ.This numerical analysis involved a speed comparison between the NR method, the FDPFM and the IFDPFM based on the number of flops (floating point oper ations) of each algorithm implementing each method, rather than on any other basis, because he flops count is independent from the CPU speed or the specific programming language used. In addition, as mentioned in the previous part, the algorithm of this paper updated the voltage angle several times before updating the voltage magnitude or vice versa which resulted in a different flops count for each combination used for the same IEEE bus system.These combinations will be noted according to the number of loops of update of each variable. For instance, updating twice the voltage angle (6) and then once the voltage magnitude (V) in the same iteration will be written as (2;1). Note that any flops number without the previous notation will be the one of the best case of the updated algorithm. Moreover, for any combination to be listed in this paper it should have satisfied the condition of no more than 3 % deviation of its results from that of the NR method.The bar graph in Figure 1 shows a comparison based on the number of flops between the NR, FDPFM and the best case of IFDPFM for the three IEEE standard bus systems used in this paper. Number of flops per method per system 934. 573 305. 126 314. 925 157. 310 System 57 4,421. 752 2,841. 646 14 30. 823 56. 829 24. 574 1 ,ooo ,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 Flops IFDPFM FDPFM 4,000 4,500 (Thousands) Fig. 1: Flops Comparison between the 3 methods. It is clearly seen that the IFDPFM requires much less flops to converge as compared to FDPFM or NR.This flops saving is proportional to the system size and as shown, increases with the increase of the number of buses. Obviously, this improvement in the number of flops will make the IFDPFM converge much faster than the two other methods whatever CPU used. Numerically, and for the biggest system involved in this paper (IEEE 57-Bus System), the IFDPFM revealed a flops saving of about 67 % when ompared with the FDPFM and about 78 % when compared with the NR.Normally, and as mentioned bef ore, this saving goes down to the order of 50 % for the two smaller bus systems. In addition, and in order to reach the best case presented above, different strategies of updating the voltage angle (6) and the voltage magnitude (V) were tested and compared first with the FDPFM then with the NR. Figure 2 below the percentage of flops of IFDPFM versus that of the FDPFM, for 10 different updating strategies and for the three IEEE systems.Percentage Flops IFDPFM vs FDPFM 75 50 25 Delta;Voltage Loops IFDPFM14 IFDPFM30 IFDPFM57 Fig. 2: % of flops of IFDPFM vs. FDPFM for different voltage angle and voltage magnitude updating strategies. At the first look, it is seen that for the three systems, three parallel curves are sketched with most values less then 75 % of the FDPFM. This parallel property of this graph shows the consistency of the algorithm in its number of flops variation for each strategy for each system studied.Also, it is seen that for low number of voltage magnitude and voltage angle loops the IFDPFM can't be more efficient than FDPFM, but for a slightly higher number the IFDPFM shows great improvement in flops saving nd reaches the highest improvement at the point (4;3), where in each iteration, the voltage angle was updated four times while the voltage was kept at its initial value and then 6 was kept at its last value and V updated three times.Numerically, and for the best case of IFDPFM (4;3), the new algorithm showed a flops saving of 57 % for the 14-bus system, 50% for the 30-bus system, and 68% for the 57-bus system. Figure 3 below shows the percentage of flops of IFDPFM versus that of the NR, for 10 different updating strategies and for the three IEEE systems. IFDPFM vs NR 175 150 25 Fig. 3: % of flops of IFDPFM vs. NR for different voltage angle and voltage magnitude updating strategies.Basically, the same comments of the comparison of IFDPFM with FDPFM apply in this comparison. However, here the flops saving is much more significant and is propo rtional to the system size. Numerically, we have a 21 % flops saving for the 14-bus system, 49 % for the 30-bus system and 78% for the 57-bus system. Finally, it is remarked that when compared with NR, IFDPFM savings showed a high variation in their percentage, mainly because they are highly proportional to the

Free Essays on Survival In Auschwitz Review

Survival in Auschwitz In 1944, Primo Levi was abducted by the fascist government in Italy and shipped off to Auschwitz, Nazi death camp. Many people do not know that the concentration camps were not only for those of Jewish descent. Unfortunately, political prisoners, criminals, gypsies, and homosexuals were also tossed away. Until reading this book, I had a vague idea of what went on inside of the Nazi concentration camps. Most of my knowledge of the Holocaust stems from textbooks or from firsthand accounts that do not center around camp life. This book gives a vivid account of the atrocities committed by the Nazis. One of the more striking aspects of this work is the attitudes toward each other the â€Å"inmates† have. Every man is really for himself, and the newer detainees have to learn the camp rules the hard way. Levi is even left wanting his spoon, bowl, and gloves upon entrance to the Ka-Be, because no one told him that personal effects were forbidden. He speaks of the practice, which everyone learns, of bundling everything one owns in their jacket and keeping it under their head as a pillow so that no one would steal it. I would have thought there would have been more a sense of camaraderie among the inmates. Levi states, however, that when one’s humanity is stripped from them, they live for themselves and themselves only. He finally catches a glimpse of humanity toward the end of the novel, when a young Franco-Pole, Towarowski, offers those who helped carry the stove to their hut a little extra of his bread and suggests that everyone else do the same. Levi is touch ed by this move, and mused â€Å"only a day before a similar event would have been inconceivable. The law of the Lager said: ‘eat your own bread, and if you can, that of your neighbour’, and left no room for gratitude. It really meant that the Lager was dead.† (Levi, 160). This book affected me a great deal. I have never read a firsthand ... Free Essays on Survival In Auschwitz Review Free Essays on Survival In Auschwitz Review Survival in Auschwitz In 1944, Primo Levi was abducted by the fascist government in Italy and shipped off to Auschwitz, Nazi death camp. Many people do not know that the concentration camps were not only for those of Jewish descent. Unfortunately, political prisoners, criminals, gypsies, and homosexuals were also tossed away. Until reading this book, I had a vague idea of what went on inside of the Nazi concentration camps. Most of my knowledge of the Holocaust stems from textbooks or from firsthand accounts that do not center around camp life. This book gives a vivid account of the atrocities committed by the Nazis. One of the more striking aspects of this work is the attitudes toward each other the â€Å"inmates† have. Every man is really for himself, and the newer detainees have to learn the camp rules the hard way. Levi is even left wanting his spoon, bowl, and gloves upon entrance to the Ka-Be, because no one told him that personal effects were forbidden. He speaks of the practice, which everyone learns, of bundling everything one owns in their jacket and keeping it under their head as a pillow so that no one would steal it. I would have thought there would have been more a sense of camaraderie among the inmates. Levi states, however, that when one’s humanity is stripped from them, they live for themselves and themselves only. He finally catches a glimpse of humanity toward the end of the novel, when a young Franco-Pole, Towarowski, offers those who helped carry the stove to their hut a little extra of his bread and suggests that everyone else do the same. Levi is touch ed by this move, and mused â€Å"only a day before a similar event would have been inconceivable. The law of the Lager said: ‘eat your own bread, and if you can, that of your neighbour’, and left no room for gratitude. It really meant that the Lager was dead.† (Levi, 160). This book affected me a great deal. I have never read a firsthand ...

How Many Years a President Can Serve

How Many Years a President Can Serve U.S. presidents are limited to serving two elected four-year terms in the White House and as many as two years of another presidents term. That means the longest any president could serve is 10 years, though no one has been in the White House that long since Congress passed the constitutional amendment on term limits. How many years a president can serve in the White House is spelled out in the 22nd amendment  to the  U.S. Constitution, which states no person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice. However, if an individual becomes president through the  order of succession they are allowed to serve an additional two years. Why Limited to 2 Terms The amendment defining limits on how many terms can a president serve was approved by Congress on March 21, 1947, during the administration of President Harry S. Truman. It was ratified by the states on Feb. 27, 1951. Before the 22nd Amendment, the Constitution did not limit the number of presidential terms to two, though many early presidents including George Washington imposed such a limit on themselves. Many argue that the 22nd Amendment merely put on paper the unwritten tradition held by presidents of retiring after two terms. Before the ratification of the 22nd Amendment, Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected to four terms in the White House in 1932, 1936, 1940, and 1944. Roosevelt died less than a year into his fourth term, but he is the only president to have served more than two terms. Congressional Republicans proposed the 22nd Amendment in response to Roosevelts four election victories. Historians have written that the party felt such a move was the best way to invalidate and discredit the popular progressives legacy. Defined In 22nd Amendment The relevant section of the 22nd Amendment defining presidential terms  reads: No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of President more than once. American presidents are elected for four-year terms. While the 22nd Amendment limits presidents to two full terms in office, it also allows them to serve two years at most of another presidents term. That means the most any president can serve in the White House is 10 years. History The framers of the Constitution originally considered a lifetime appointment by Congress for the president. When this proposal failed, they discussed whether the president should be elected by either the Congress, the people, or something in between, such as the Electoral College (which was eventually chosen) and whether term limits should be imposed. The idea of an appointment by Congress, with the option for re-appointment, failed on the fear that a president could make an underhanded deal with Congress to get re-appointed. Cant Serve a 3rd Term Conspiracy theorists have through the years perpetuated the notion that power-hungry presidents try to find ways to win a third election. A few people even point to the wording of the 22nd Amendment, noting that it says no person shall be eligible to be elected to the office more than twice. Would this disqualify a former president from being elected vice president, then serving as president if the president died or resigned? Its unlikely any former president would run for the lower office of vice president to test the theory. Over the years, several lawmakers have proposed repealing the 22nd Amendment. Congressional opponents of the 22nd Amendment argue that it restricts voters from exercising their will. As Democratic U.S. Rep. John McCormack of Massachusetts proclaimed during a debate over the proposal: The framers of the Constitution considered the question and did not think they should tie the hands of future generations. I dont think we should. Although Thomas Jefferson favored only two terms, he specifically recognized the fact that situations could arise where a longer tenure would be necessary. One of the most high-profile opponents of the two-term limit for presidents was Republican President Ronald Reagan, who was elected to and served two terms in office. In a 1986 interview with The Washington Post, Reagan lamented the lack of focus on important issues and lame-duck presidents. I have come to the conclusion that the 22nd Amendment was a mistake, Reagan said. Shouldnt the people have the right to vote for someone as many times as they want to vote for him? They send senators up there for 30 or 40 years, congressmen the same. Sources Buckley, F.H. and Metzer, Gillian. â€Å"The 22nd Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.†Ã‚  National Constitution CenterCannon, Lou. â€Å"Short-Sighted Amendment.†Ã‚  The Washington Post, WP Company, 16 June 1986